ZT4BG

Zero Tolerance for Bleeding Gums

                                             "Just Gingivitis"

So many people think it's natural and normal for their gums to bleed.  "I know I'm cleaning really well if I can make my gums bleed."  "Oh, it's just gingivitis."  And to that I have to ask, Do your elbows bleed when you take a shower?  Well, they shouldn't, and neither should the gums.

Bleeding gums represent an open wound in one of the most contaminated parts of the body, bar none.

And beyond bad breath there are a whole slew of effects on the whole rest of the body as the bacteria and bacterial waste-products seep down into the rest of the system: heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, brain, reproductive organs, joints, etc., etc.... Some of these things can be deadly.

If the direct effects are not bad enough, there are secondary inflammatory stimulatory effects on the immune system, and these effects can lead to wide-ranging damage. 

Some of the targets and diseases are listed below.  Click next to them to read in more depth. 

Please contact us if you have contributions to this site or questions: CLICK HERE TO EMAIL ZT4BG

"Just Gingivitis"   

Clearly, this picture from Walter Loesche is WAY beyond gingivitis.

But one can easily see the tremendous surface area of raw, exposed connective tissue and its associated vasculature, a pathway directly into the circulation.  This is frank periodontitis.  Gingivitis is much more subtle and hard to notice but can represent another great source of ingress into the bloodstream.

 

 

               Some General Articles

Read the pdf's:

Periodontal Infection and Glycemic Control in Diabetes: Current Evidence
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of the Diabetic Patient

Strength of Evidence Relating Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Infection or Inflammation: The Link Between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Disease
Oral Health – General Health Interrelationships: Health Policy Implications

For a nice interactive online overview course on the oral/systemic links, visit PerioEducation. com  CLICK HERE

Dentists: also worth visiting the Diamond Age Systems pages for more resources and information: CLICK HERE

 

An online course on the oral/systemic links: CLICK HERE  

     

Chronic Inflammation in Periodontal Diseases: Immunopathogenesis and Treatment

Inflammatory burden is CUMULATIVE.

To read the whole article: CLICK HERE

Preventing Hospital Pneumonias: Brush the Teeth

 

ScienceDaily (Dec. 15, 2008) — Hospital-borne
infections are a serious risk of a long-term
hospital stay, and ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP), a lung infection that
develops in about 15% of all people who are
ventilated, is among the most dangerous.
With weakened immune systems and a higher
resistance to antibiotics, patients who rely
on a mechanical ventilator can easily develop
serious infections — as 26,000 Americans do
every year.

Thanks to a proven new clinical approach
developed by Tel Aviv University nurses,
though, there is a new tool for stopping the
onset of VAP in hospitals.

This new high-tech tool? An ordinary toothbrush.

Three Times a Day Keeps Pneumonia Away

“Pneumonia is a big problem in hospitals
everywhere, even in the developed world,”
says Nurse Ofra Raanan, the chief researcher
in the new study and a lecturer at Tel Aviv
University’s Department of Nursing. “Patients
who are intubated can be contaminated with
pneumonia only 2 or 3 days after the tube is
put in place. But pneumonia can be
effectively prevented if the right measures
are taken.”

Raanan, who works at the Sheba Academic
School of Nursing at The Chaim Sheba Medical
Center, collaborated with a team of nurses at
major medical centers around Israel. The
nurses found that if patients — even
unconscious ones — have their teeth brushed
three times a day, the onset of pneumonia can
be reduced by as much as 50%.

A Pioneering Study with Measurable Effects

It’s difficult to quantify the effects
precisely, the researchers say.  “While the
research shows a definite improvement in
reducing the incidence of hospital-borne
pneumonia, it’s hard to say by exactly how
much toothbrushing prevents VAP,” says
Raanan, but the published evidence shows a
direct correlation for intubated patients.

“Sometimes, however, doctors and nurses do
everything right and the patient still gets
pneumonia.  But this approach will certainly
improve the odds for survival.”

Normally, the teeth and oral cavity in a
healthy mouth maintain a colony of otherwise
harmless bacteria.  Infection takes root when
a breathing tube allows free passage of the
“good” bacteria into the lower parts of the
lung. The bacteria travel in small water
droplets through the tube and colonize the
lung.  Once there, the bacteria take
advantage of a patient’s weakened immune
system and multiply. A regular toothbrushing
kills the growth and subsequent spread of the
bacterium that leads to VAP.

Augmenting the Preventative Routine

There are additional steps for preventing the
onset of VAP.  Today, nurses typically use a
mechanical suction device to remove
secretions from the mouth and throat. They
also put patients in a seated position and
change the position every few hours.
Toothbrushing, say Tel Aviv University
nurses, should be added to the routine.

Although nurses in some American hospitals
already practice toothbrushing on ventilated
patients, these new results may convince
medical centers around the world to invest
more resources in this routine practice,
thereby saving lives.


How to avoid heart disease: brush your teeth, say scientists

by Marlowe HoodWed Sep 10, 7:16 PM ET

Here's another reason to brush your teeth: poor dental hygiene boosts the risk of heart attacks and strokes, a pair of studies reported this week.

Heart disease is the number one killer worldwide, claiming upward of 17 million lives every year, according to the World Health Organization.

Smoking, obesity and high cholesterol are the most common culprits, but the new research shows that neglected gums can be added to the list.

"We now recognize that bacterial infections are an independent risk factor for heart diseases," said Howard Jenkins of the University of Bristol in Britain, at a meeting of the Society for General Microbiology in Dublin.

"In other words, it doesn't matter how fit, slim or healthy you are, you're adding to your chances of getting heart disease by having bad teeth," the professor said.

There are up to 700 different bacteria in the human mouth, and failing to scrub one's pearly whites helps those germs to flourish.

Most are benign, and some are essential to good health. But a few can trigger a biological cascade leading to diseases of the arteries linked to heart attacks and stroke, according to the new research.

"The mouth is probably the dirtiest place in the human body," Steve Kerrigan of the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin said.

"If you have an open blood vessel from bleeding gums, bacteria will gain entry to your bloodstream."

Once inside the blood, certain bacteria stick onto cells called platelets, causing them to clot inside the vessel and thus decreasing blood flow to the heart.

"We mimicked the pressure inside the blood vessels and in the heart, and demonstrated that bacteria use different mechanisms to cause platelets to clump together, allowing them to completely encase the bacteria," he said.

This not only created conditions that can provoke heart attacks and strokes, it also shielded the bacteria from both, immune system cells and antibiotics.

"These findings suggest why antibiotics do not always work in the treatment of infectious heart disease," Jenkins said.

In separate research, a team led by Greg Seymour of the University of Otago Dunedin in New Zealand showed how other bacteria from the mouth can provoke atherosclerosis, a disease that causes hardening of the arteries.

All organisms -- including humans and bacteria -- produce "stress proteins," molecules produced by conditions such as inflammation, toxins, starvation, or oxygen deprivation.

One function of stress proteins is to guide other proteins across cell membranes.

But they can also can latch onto foreign objects, called antigens, and deliver then to immune cells, provoking an immune reactions in the body.

Normally, the body does not attack its own stress proteins.

But bacterial stress proteins -- which are similar -- do trigger a response, and once that has happened the immune system can no longer differentiate between the two, said Seymour.

"White blood cells can build up in the tissue of arteries, causing atherosclerosis," he explained in a phone interview.

Copyright © 2008 Agence France Presse

Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Oct;13 Suppl 4:3-10

Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease.

Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP, Leishman S, Yamazaki K.

Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. gregory.seymour@dent.otago.ac.nz

Oral conditions such as gingivitis and chronic periodontitis are found worldwide and are among the most prevalent microbial diseases of mankind. The cause of these common inflammatory conditions is the complex microbiota found as dental plaque, a complex microbial biofilm. Despite 3000 years of history demonstrating the influence of oral status on general health, it is only in recent decades that the association between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions such as coronary heart disease and stroke, and a higher risk of preterm low birth-weight babies, has been realised. Similarly, recognition of the threats posed by periodontal diseases to individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes, respiratory diseases and osteoporosis is relatively recent. Despite these epidemiological associations, the mechanisms for the various relationships remain unknown. Nevertheless, a number of hypotheses have been postulated, including common susceptibility, systemic inflammation with increased circulating cytokines and mediators, direct infection and cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry between bacterial antigens and self-antigens. With respect to the latter, cross-reactive antibodies and T-cells between self heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and Porphyromonas gingivalis GroEL have been demonstrated in the peripheral blood of patients with atherosclerosis as well as in the atherosclerotic plaques themselves. In addition, P. gingivalis infection has been shown to enhance the development and progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. From these data, it is clear that oral infection may represent a significant risk-factor for systemic diseases, and hence the control of oral disease is essential in the prevention and management of these systemic conditions.

Journal of Periodontology January 2002, Vol. 73, No. 1, Pages 73-78 (doi:10.1902/jop.2002.73.1.73)
Systemic Release of Endotoxins Induced by Gentle Mastication: Association With Periodontitis Severity Sabine O. Geerts

Background: Periodontitis has recently been identified as a potential risk factor for systemic pathologies such as cardiovascular disease, the hypothesis being that periodontal pockets could release pro-inflammatory bacterial components, for instance endotoxins, into the bloodstream. It is known that the oral cavity can be a source of circulating bacteria, but this has never been shown for bacterial endotoxins, and no evidence exists so far that the risk of systemic injury is related to the severity of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to test the influence of gentle mastication on the occurrence of endotoxemia in patients with or without periodontal disease.

Methods: A total of 67 subjects were periodontally examined and grouped according to their periodontal status. This classification was based on an original index of severity of periodontal disease (periodontal index for risk of infectiousness, PIRI) aimed at reflecting the individual risk of systemic injury from the periodontal niches. Thus, the patients were classified into 3 risk groups: low, PIRI = 0; n = 25; moderate, 1 ≤PIRI ≤5, n = 27; and high 6 ≤PIRI ≤10, n = 15. Blood samples were collected before and 5 to 10 minutes after a standardized session of gentle mastication for detection of circulating endotoxins. Blood samples were tested with a chromogenic limulus amoebocyte lysate assay.

Results: Overall, blood levels of endotoxin after mastication were found to be significantly higher than before mastication (0.89 ± 3.3 pg/ml versus 3.0 ± 5.8 pg/ml; P = 0.0002). Likewise, the incidence of positive endotoxemia rose from 6% before mastication to 24% after mastication (P = 0.001). When accounting for the PIRI index, endotoxin levels and positive endotoxemia proved to be significantly higher in patients with severe periodontal disease than in the subjects with low or moderate periodontitis.

Conclusions: Gentle mastication is able to induce the release of bacterial endotoxins from oral origin into the bloodstream, especially when patients have severe periodontal disease. This finding suggests that a diseased periodontium can be a major and underestimated source of chronic, or even permanent, release of bacterial pro-inflammatory components into the bloodstream.

Mouth-Body Connection

Bacteria associated with periodontal disease have been linked to other serious health risks.

In July of 1998, the American Academy of Periodontology launched an effort to educate the public about new findings which support what dental professionals had long suspected: Infections in the mouth can play havoc elsewhere in the body.

Since July of 1998, evidence has continued to mount to support these links. While more research needs to be done to say definitively that people with periodontal disease are at higher risk for developing heart disease, stroke, uncontrolled diabetes, preterm births and respiratory disease, periodontists do know that periodontal disease is a bacterial infection, and all infections are cause for concern.

Periodontal bacteria can enter the blood stream and travel to major organs and begin new infections. Research is suggesting that this may:

Aetna and Columbia Announce Results from Study Showing Relationship between Periodontal Treatment and a Reduction in the Overall Cost of Care for Three Chronic Conditions

3/20/2006 10:03:00 AM EST

Aetna (NYSE:AET) and Columbia University College of Dental Medicine conducted a study that found a relationship between periodontal (gum) treatment and the overall cost of care for several chronic diseases. The results of the study, which included approximately 145,000 Aetna members with continuous dental and medical coverage, indicate that periodontal care appears to have a positive effect on the cost of medical care, with earlier treatment resulting in lower medical costs for members with diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) or stroke.

"The results of this study are encouraging because they show the connection between good oral health and overall well-being, as well as illustrating that the early treatment of periodontal disease can help reduce medical costs for these conditions," said Pat Farrell, head of Aetna Specialty Products. "We believe that in addition to lowering medical costs, we are also helping to improve members' quality of life. We will continue to work with Columbia to demonstrate ways that dental care can improve the overall health of our members."

"Systemic health is often associated with the condition of the oral cavity in that many systemic diseases manifest in the mouth; however, less is known about the connection between a diseased periodontium and the impact it may have on systemic health," said David A. Albert, D.D.S., M.P.H., Associate Professor of Dentistry at Columbia University. "The association between periodontal infection and systemic health has important implications for the treatment and management of patients."

The retrospective study of claims data included an examination of approximately 145,000 members participating in Aetna PPO plans with continuous dental and medical coverage over two years. Periodontal care appeared to have a positive effect on the cost of medical care in this two-year study (2001, 2002), with earlier treatment resulting in lower medical costs for diabetes, CVD and CAD. In addition, the actual cost of medical care for patients with diabetes and CAD was found to be lower if they received periodontal care in the first year of the study.

About Columbia University College of Dental Medicine

Since its inception in 1852 and its incorporation into Columbia University in 1917, the College of Dental Medicine has vigorously pursued its commitment to education, patient care and research. Recognizing the value to the public and the dental specialties, the college established the first formal specialty education program in orthodontics in the 1920s. Columbia went on to establish programs in periodontics, endodontics, oral/maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics, pediatric dentistry and advanced programs. The college provides general dentistry, oral surgery, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, and other clinic services to many members of the community through its Faculty Practice, Postgraduate and Specialty Practice, and Undergraduate Clinic. Columbia encourages and supports all forms of academic research efforts that have direct impact on improving oral health by fostering faculty and student participation in research and training students in current research methodologies.

www.aetna.com.

ScienceDaily (Nov. 28, 2007) — A new study
found that prevention of periodontal diseases
may lead to savings on not only dental costs,
but also medical care costs. Periodontal, or
gum diseases have been linked to systemic
health conditions including diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and respiratory
problems.

The study, conducted in Japan, examined the
effect of periodontal diseases on medical and
dental costs in 4,285 patients over a 3.5
year time span. The patients were between the
ages of 40-59. Researchers found that
cumulative health care costs were 21% higher
for those patients with severe periodontal
disease than those with no periodontal
disease. Severe periodontal disease, or
periodontitis, involves bone loss and
diminished attachment around the teeth.

"While previous studies have evaluated the
potential link between periodontal diseases
and other systemic conditions, this study
provides an interesting analysis of total
health care costs and the financial impact of
having periodontal diseases," explained JOP
editor Kenneth Kornman, DDS. "The research
suggests that patients with sever periodontal
diseases incur higher overall health care
expenses as compared to those patients with
no periodontal disease. Prevention of
periodontal disease may be very important in
overall health, and this study suggests that
it may also indirectly translate into lower
total health care costs."

"Everyone is looking for ways to reduce
health care costs," said Susan Karabin, DDS,
President of the American Academy of
Periodontology. "Especially those who are in
an age category where they are more
susceptible to periodontal diseases. Because
of the relationship between the mouth and the
rest of the body, treating periodontal
disease may be one simple way to decrease
total health care costs. If caught early,
periodontal diseases can be treated using
simple non-surgical techniques which can
restore your mouth to a healthy state."

Journal of Periodontology article: "The
effect of periodontal disease on medical and
dental costs in a middle-aged Japanese
population: A longitudinal worksite study,"
November 2007.

Severe periodontitis is associated with systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic status: a case-control study   Authors: Nibali, Luigi1; D'Aiuto, Francesco1; Griffiths, Gareth; Patel, Kalpesh1; Suvan, Jean1; Tonetti, Maurizio S.2

Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Volume 34, Number 11, November 2007 , pp. 931-937(7)

bstract Background and Aim: A cluster of metabolic factors defines a syndrome that predisposes to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic infections such as periodontitis might alter these individual metabolic factors and the systemic inflammatory burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between severe periodontitis and increase in inflammatory and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: We examined 302 patients with severe periodontitis and 183 healthy controls, and we collected a blood sample from each subject in order to investigate differences in inflammatory (leukocyte numbers and differential counts) and metabolic markers (lipids and glucose). Results: After correcting for differences in age, gender, smoking and ethnicity, periodontitis subjects exhibited a low-grade systemic inflammation (increased white cell counts, 1.10±1.02 × 109/l, 95%CI 1.05-1.15, p=0.0001), dyslipidemia [lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.14±1.03 mmol/l, 95%CI 1.08-1.20, p<0.0001 and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.12±1.03, 95%CI 1.05-1.19, p<0.0001) and increased non-fasting serum glucose levels (1.04±1.01 mmol/l, 95%CI 1.02-1.06, p=0.01) when compared with controls. The associations were confirmed in a subpopulation of Caucasian non-smokers. A trend for a dose dependent effect of the number of periodontal pockets on the tested inflammatory and metabolic markers was observed. Conclusions: These data suggest a possible link between severe generalized periodontitis, systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic state in otherwise healthy individuals.

For several good articles on the oral/systemic link, take a look at the Colgate dental site.  CLICK HERE

And, from the CDC: the 2003 Bethesda conference on the oral/systemic link. Not the most up-to-date, but much material here to explore:

*major impacts on health

*major impacts on quality of life

*much of the results are in your hands